我国玉米病虫害发生现状、趋势与防控对策

近年来,随着我国农业种植结构的调整和耕作栽培方式的转变,玉米品种选育加快,种植面积迅速增加,玉米病虫害发生一直呈加重趋势,一些次要病虫害在全国范围或局部地区为害不断加重,上升为主要病虫害,生产上还出现了一些新发病虫害,对玉米安全生产构成了威胁。本文总结了我国玉米重要病虫害的发生现状,并对发生趋势进行了分析,目前生产上的重要病虫害如亚洲玉米螟、桃蛀螟、棉铃虫以及黏虫为害加重并将持续发生;土传病害玉米茎腐病、穗腐病等危害将持续加重;风险性叶斑病玉米大斑病、南方锈病等仍在流行,未来不可忽视;还需关注未来危害性具有上升趋势的病虫害。提出了相应的防控对策。     

Effects of spent mushroom substrates and inorganic fertilizer on the characteristics of a calcareous clayey‐loam soil and lettuce production

We evaluated the effects of the addition of two types of spent mushroom substrate (SMS), SMS from an Agaricus bisporus crop (SMS1) and a mixture of SMSs from an A. bisporus crop and a Pleurotus crop (50% v/v each) (SMS2), on the characteristics of a calcareous clayey‐loam soil and the yield and nutritional status of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.), relative to crops receiving mineral fertilizer (M) and a control (C) without amendment. The application of SMS, especially SMS1, improved soil fertility compared with C and M soils. Moreover, the use of these organic substrates as soil amendments did not harm the plants and gave yields similar to that obtained with mineral fertilizer. The nutritional contents of the lettuce plants were greater than or similar to those of the plants from treatment C or M, except for the plant tissue concentrations of K, Fe and Zn, which were significantly reduced by SMS application. However, this latter fact did not reduce the lettuce yield in the amended soils. Therefore, the use of SMSs as organic amendments contributes to residue utilization, in an environmentally friendly way, and to improved soil fertility and crop yield.     

Assessing the effectiveness of manure export plus intensive silage cropping for lowering the Olsen‐P status of P‐enriched grassland

A substantial proportion of farmed grassland soils in Northern Ireland (NI) are overly enriched with P and pose a risk to water quality. To address this problem, manure could be exported rather than recycled to P‐enriched land and the latter intensively cropped with grass silage to deplete soil P. To assess the efficacy of such a strategy, a P‐ and K‐enriched grassland site was intensively cropped over a 6‐yr period with fertilizer N alone supplied to support silage growth. By year 6, soil P had declined from index 5 to index 3, and it was estimated that two more years of this management may bring it into the target index 2 range. Soil K, however, declined rapidly from index 4 to index 1 in just 4 yr, with the result that grass production became limited by K deficiency. It was concluded that nonrecycling of manure to P‐enriched grassland under silage management is probably the most effective strategy for lowering soil P status, but care must be taken to prevent K deficiency occurring.     

浅谈我国木工机械经销商发展现状与经销对策

木工机械经销商对加快木工机械产品流通，促进行业健康发展起到了重要的推动作用。介绍了木工机械经销商发展现状及特点，分析了木工机械经销中存在的问题并提出相应的解决措施。     

云南白雪茶研究现状及开发利用

云南白雪茶是滇西北高寒地区民间特有的一种长期使用的药物和保健饮品,具有茶文化特征.从云南民间的食用经验来看,白雪茶具有显著的清热、止咳、安神等保健作用,现代药理学研究又证明,白雪茶还具有抗炎、解热、抗疲劳、抗辐射、促进免疫等药理学活性.根据雪茶的研究现状对其植物学特性、化学成分、保健作用作了简要的阐述,为以后的开发利用提供了理论依据.     

南京市PM10人群健康经济损失评估

基于2004 ～2013年南京市PM10浓度、人口资料及经济指标等数据,以死亡为慢性健康效应终点,选择相应的暴露-反应关系,采用修正的人力资本法进行经济损失评估.结果表明,2004 ～ 2013年南京市PM10污染呈波动增长的趋势,最高值出现在2013年,经济损失达106.06亿元,占当年GDP的1.32％.可见,目前南京市PM10长期污染造成的人群健康经济损失相当可观,亟需制定相关污染防治措施.     

与谢芜村的俳句、绘画艺术与中国文化

从规模与结构两方面，实证分析了我国社会性基本公共服务财政支出对居民消费的影响，同时对城乡差异性在社会性基本公共服务供给方面的表现进行了分析。实证发现：2007~2012年间，我国社会性基本公共服务财政支出对居民消费的影响不显著，并具有明显的城乡差异性。从分项来看，教育支出对居民消费的影响效果不显著，在城乡差异表现方面，教育支出对城镇居民消费的影响效果不显著，但对农村居民消费却有着一定的挤入效应；社会保障和就业支出对居民消费具有一定的挤出效应，但在城乡差异表现方面，这种影响都不显著；医疗卫生支出对居民消费具有一定的挤入效应，且挤入作用在城乡之间的差异较小。     

海洋灾害对渔业资源管理的影响及其对策

近年来,恶性捕捞严重,海洋渔业资源管理模式落后。同时,人类过度开发利用以及不可抗因素时有发生,使得海洋生态系统遭到破坏,渔业资源管理也面临着新的问题。对我国渔业资源管理现状以及非常态下渔业资源的恢复与开发利用等方面进行了综述,对非常态下渔业资源管理中存在的问题进行了阐述,并提出了对应的管理措施,最后对非常态下渔业资源管理制度发展建设进行了展望。     

留守村民的健康分析——基于株洲市茶陵县马加村的调查

采用调查问卷和临床问诊的方法对湖南省株洲市马加村随机抽样的252名留守村民进行调查,共发放调查问卷264份,回收问卷252份,回收率95.5%。调查表明:81.7%的被调查者有不同程度的身体疾病,其中血压偏高者57.3%,长期肌肉疼痛者69.4%,关节、骨异常者52.9%,腰间盘突出者16%。在此基础上,对影响留守村民的健康的因素进行了分析。     

浅析林业工程档案管理存在的问题及对策

对林业工程档案管理现状、存在问题进行了分析，对做好林业工程档案管理，实现制度化、规范化、科学化、信息化管理进行初步探讨。